{"id":1992,"date":"2010-08-03T03:34:25","date_gmt":"2010-08-03T01:34:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/abc-latina.com\/tiwanaku-htm-2\/"},"modified":"2026-04-30T18:24:57","modified_gmt":"2026-04-30T16:24:57","slug":"tiwanaku","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/abc-latina.com\/civilisations\/tiwanaku\/","title":{"rendered":"TIWANAKU"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"L’histoire des Tiwanaku<\/span> (Tiahuanaco) commence par de modestes d\u00e9buts : \u00e0 partir de 1500 avant notre \u00e8re environ, il se forme peu \u00e0 peu un petit village de maisons rectangulaires, dont les habitants savent fondre le cuivre, laminer l’or et fabriquer des poteries aux dessins rouges sur fond ocre. Le haut degr\u00e9 technique de la c\u00e9ramique est sans doute d\u00fb \u00e0 des emprunts \u00e0 d’autres civilisations de l’Altiplano, probablement les Pucaras et Paracas du P\u00e9rou.<\/div>\n
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De 500 av. J.-C. \u00e0 350 apr\u00e8s J.-C. Tiwanaku devient ville, peut-\u00eatre un centre religieux comme certains arch\u00e9ologues l’ont soutenu. Parall\u00e8lement, diverses modifications importantes au lieu : apparition progressive d’un appareil politique puissant et organisation pyramidale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, avec \u00e0 son sommet la classe politique des nobles et des religieux.<\/div>\n
De grands travaux sont financ\u00e9s et de cette \u00e9poque date la construction du temple de Kalasasaya, de Puma Punku et de la pyramide d’Akapana.<\/div>\n
La recherche de nouvelles ressources r\u00e9veille les sentiments expansionnistes de Tiwanaku ou qui conquiert d\u00e8s cette \u00e9poque le territoire de ses voisins Chiripas.<\/div>\n
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La p\u00e9riode allant de 350 \u00e0 750 apr\u00e8s J.-C. est celle des conqu\u00eates militaires, et celle du perfectionnement de l’art qui s’exprime sous toutes ses formes et atteint son apog\u00e9e. La sculpture, avec les fameux monolithes Ponce et d’El Fraile, et la c\u00e9ramique d\u00e9cor\u00e9e d’animaux tels que le condor ou le puma en sont de pr\u00e9cieux t\u00e9moignages. Les techniques du tissage et de l’orf\u00e8vrerie s’am\u00e9liorent \u00e9galement.<\/div>\n
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La p\u00e9riode allant de 750 \u00e0 1100 de notre \u00e8re, est celle de L’expansion. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 est maintenant s\u00e9par\u00e9e en trois classes : aristocratie, artisans, paysans.<\/div>\n
La ville de Tiwanaku couvre plus de 400 hectares. Au centre se trouvent les temples et les palais, \u00e0 la p\u00e9riph\u00e9rie les habitations partag\u00e9es par de larges rues. Seuls les monuments importants sont construits en pierre, le mat\u00e9riau usuel restant le torchis.<\/div>\n
La ville est planifi\u00e9e, suit une orientation astronomique pr\u00e9cise et comporte m\u00eame des canaux d’\u00e9coulement. En effet, on sait aujourd’hui que les savants de Tiwanaku connaissaient le mouvement des astres gr\u00e2ce aux "torno", pierre sur laquelle ils faisaient des observations astrologiques.<\/div>\n
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A cette \u00e9poque Tiwanaku p\u00e9n\u00e8tre largement les r\u00e9gions voisines. Ils rencontrent d’autres cultures de haut niveau, et se forme un m\u00e9tissage vari\u00e9.<\/div>\n
La religion des conqu\u00e9rants dut \u00e9galement se propager rapidement, et l’on pense qu’elle est responsable du d\u00e9veloppement de la culture du ma\u00efs dans toute cette zone. Le ma\u00efs \u00e9tait en effet cultiv\u00e9 \u00e0 des fins religieuses, tandis que l’alimentation quotidienne \u00e9tait surtout \u00e0 base de pomme de terre, quinoa et de tubercules.<\/div>\n
Le territoire total de Tiwanaku \u00e0 la fin de cette p\u00e9riode est d’environ 600 000 kilom\u00e8tres carr\u00e9s, avec une population de 3 millions et demi habitants. La langue que l’on parle est l’Aymara.<\/div>\n
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C’est vers le 12e si\u00e8cle de notre \u00e8re que l’empire s’\u00e9croule soudainement, la capitale est abandonn\u00e9e. L’empire d\u00e9chu ce fractionne en petites seigneuries.<\/div>\n
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Les Pacahajes, au sud du lac Titicaca<\/a>, construisent les fameuses " chullpas ", maison-tombeau de pierre o\u00f9 l’on enterre les morts momifi\u00e9s.<\/div>\n
Les Lupacas construisent quelques forteresses en pierre, telle celle de Tiquina, Inca Chiquipa.<\/div>\n
Ces petites seigneuries sont en luttes presque continuelles, elles ont gard\u00e9 la m\u00eame organisation sociale et politique que leurs anc\u00eatres de Tiwanaku. La cellule de base est l’ayllu, form\u00e9e des familles se r\u00e9clamant d’un anc\u00eatre commun. La religion, h\u00e9rit\u00e9e de Tiwanaku v\u00e9n\u00e8re les astres, les montagnes, les lacs et les fleuves.<\/div>\n
Les arts et techniques sont ceux mis au point par l’empire de Tiwanaku. On utilise en particulier les plantes m\u00e9dicinales, et surtout la coca<\/a>, pour soigner de nombreuses maladies, et l’on pratique d\u00e9j\u00e0 des tr\u00e9panations cr\u00e2niennes. La culture d\u00e9cline cependant peu \u00e0 peu tandis que les seigneuries rivales s’\u00e9puisent dans des combats st\u00e9riles et violents.<\/div>\n
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\"\"<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

L’histoire des Tiwanaku (Tiahuanaco) commence par de modestes d\u00e9buts : \u00e0 partir de 1500 avant notre \u00e8re environ, il se […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":204,"parent":1971,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1992","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nTIWANAKU - 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