{"id":2594,"date":"2010-12-08T02:59:06","date_gmt":"2010-12-08T01:59:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/abc-latina.com\/juan_velasco_alvarado-htm\/"},"modified":"2026-04-30T18:25:22","modified_gmt":"2026-04-30T16:25:22","slug":"juan_velasco_alvarado","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/abc-latina.com\/personnalites\/juan_velasco_alvarado\/","title":{"rendered":"JUAN VELASCO ALVARADO"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"Velasco Alvarado<\/strong><\/span> est un militaire et homme politique p\u00e9ruvien n\u00e9 \u00e0 Piura le 16 juin 1910 et mort \u00e0 Lima le 24 d\u00e9cembre 1977. Il fut Pr\u00e9sident du P\u00e9rou<\/a> <\/strong>entre 1968 et 1975 avec le titre de Pr\u00e9sident du Gouvernement r\u00e9volutionnaire.<\/div>\n
 <\/div>\n
Fils de Manuel Jos\u00e9 Velasco et de Clara Luz Alvarado, il grandit au sein d’une famille modeste. Il \u00e9pouse Consuelo Gonz\u00e1les Arriola. Il int\u00e8gre l’Arm\u00e9e p\u00e9ruvienne, dans l’infanterie, en 1929. En raison de son excellente discipline, il est s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9 pour entrer \u00e0 l’Acad\u00e9mie militaire de Chorrillos. En 1934, il sort parmi les meilleurs de sa promotion. Il conservera des liens \u00e9troits avec ses camarades, dont la plupart \u00e9tudieront au Centre des Hautes \u00c9tudes militaires (CAEM). En 1965, il acc\u00e8de au grade de g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de division.<\/div>\n
 <\/div>\n
Le gouvernement r\u00e9volutionnaire militaire (1968-1975) <\/div>\n
Devenu commandant g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de l’Arm\u00e9e, il est \u00e0 la t\u00eate de la Junte militaire qui renverse le pr\u00e9sident Fernando Bela\u00fande Terry<\/a> le 3 octobre 1968, apr\u00e8s sa tentative d’exproprier les compagnies p\u00e9troli\u00e8res \u00e9tats-uniennes.<\/div>\n
 <\/div>\n
Velasco constitue un cabinet de ministres militaires, le « Gouvernement r\u00e9volutionnaire des Forces arm\u00e9es.» Il nationalise imm\u00e9diatement le secteur p\u00e9trolier, l’Arm\u00e9e prend le contr\u00f4le des puits de p\u00e9trole le 8 octobre. Il restreint la libert\u00e9 de la presse, lance une r\u00e9forme agraire et nationalise les secteurs cl\u00e9 de l’\u00e9conomie. Les p\u00eacheries, les mines, les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, l’\u00e9nergie, le p\u00e9trole, sont regroup\u00e9s dans des conglom\u00e9rats administr\u00e9s par l’\u00c9tat (PescaPeru, MineroPeru, PetroPeru, ElectroPeru, EntelPeru, etc.). Le taux de change et le commerce ext\u00e9rieur sont \u00e9troitement contr\u00f4l\u00e9s.<\/div>\n
 <\/div>\n
La pierre angulaire de la politique \u00e9conomique de ce gouvernement est la r\u00e9forme agraire visant \u00e0 \u00e9liminer les grandes haciendas. Les opposants \u00e0 ce programme crient \u00e0 la confiscation, car les biens expropri\u00e9s sont pay\u00e9s en bons non-n\u00e9gociables risquant de perdre toute valeur avec l’inflation.<\/div>\n
 <\/div>\n
Le r\u00e9gime de Velasco, appel\u00e9 le Velascato, se caract\u00e9rise aussi par un pouvoir de plus en plus autoritaire. Il ne tol\u00e8re aucune dissidence, emprisonnant, d\u00e9portant et harcelant les personnes suspect\u00e9es d’\u00eatre des opposants. Il suspend et censure les m\u00e9dias audio-visuels et \u00e9crits, pour finalement tous les exproprier en 1974 et envoyer leurs propri\u00e9taires en exil.<\/div>\n
 <\/div>\n
En politique ext\u00e9rieure, contrastant avec les dictatures militaires latino-am\u00e9ricaines contemporaines, qui sont de droite pour la plupart, il \u00e9tablit un partenariat avec le bloc sovi\u00e9tique, se rapproche de Cuba<\/a> et de Fidel Castro<\/a> et ach\u00e8te du mat\u00e9riel militaire sovi\u00e9tique. Ceci lui vaut l’hostilit\u00e9 des \u00c9tats-Unis, qui r\u00e9pondent par des pressions commerciales, \u00e9conomiques et diplomatiques.<\/div>\n
 <\/div>\n
En \u00e9conomie, la politique du gouvernement de Velasco s’av\u00e8re inefficace. Les entit\u00e9s industrielles dirig\u00e9es par l’administration sont sources de corruption et d’incomp\u00e9tence et absorbent les ressources du budget. La dette de l’\u00c9tat et la politique inflationniste contraignent \u00e0 d\u00e9valuer la monnaie.<\/div>\n
 <\/div>\n
La p\u00eache et l’agriculture sont des \u00e9checs particuli\u00e8rement patents. PescaPeru surp\u00eache l’anchois qui sert principalement pour la production de farine de poisson et est un \u00e9l\u00e9ment-cl\u00e9 dans l’\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me marin p\u00e9ruvien. La production atteint des records pendant les premi\u00e8res ann\u00e9es mais s’ajoutant aux effets du ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne El Ni\u00f1o de 1972, cela conduit \u00e0 une chute vertigineuse des prises \u00e0 tel point qu’il faudra plus d’une d\u00e9cennie pour retrouver un niveau d’activit\u00e9 correct. La r\u00e9forme agraire mal conduite se traduit quant \u00e0 elle par la cr\u00e9ation de milliers de fermiers sans capitaux et pour la plupart insuffisamment form\u00e9s. La production et la distribution agricoles descendent nettement en dessous du niveau ant\u00e9rieur \u00e0 la r\u00e9forme. Avec les restrictions apport\u00e9es au commerce, ceci a pour cons\u00e9quence des p\u00e9nuries p\u00e9riodiques, du rationnement, et nourrit le malaise social.<\/div>\n
 <\/div>\n
Velasco chass\u00e9 du pouvoir<\/div>\n
Ces difficult\u00e9s \u00e9conomiques et l’opposition politique croissante apr\u00e8s le coup port\u00e9 \u00e0 la presse en 1974 finissent par affaiblir l’administration Velasco et conduisent \u00e0 sa chute. Le 29 ao\u00fbt 1975, un groupe de commandants militaires importants (des 1\u00e8re, 2e, 3e, 4e, et 5e r\u00e9gions militaires) provoque un coup d’\u00c9tat qui sera surnomm\u00e9 le Tacnazo car il a lieu dans la ville de Tacna au sud du pays. Les commandants d\u00e9clarent que Velasco a \u00e9chou\u00e9 \u00e0 atteindre les buts de la « R\u00e9volution p\u00e9ruvienne » et est dans l’incapacit\u00e9 de rester \u00e0 son poste.<\/div>\n
 <\/div>\n
Le g\u00e9n\u00e9ral Francisco Morales Berm\u00fadez Cerruti<\/a>, alors pr\u00e9sident du Conseil des ministres, rel\u00e8ve Velasco de ses fonctions et est nomm\u00e9 pr\u00e9sident, par une d\u00e9cision unanime de la nouvelle junte militaire. Il prend pour pr\u00e9texte la mauvaise situation \u00e9conomique et la sant\u00e9 fragile de Velasco, \u00e0 qui on a d\u00fb amputer une jambe en 1973 suite \u00e0 une embolie et dont on dit que les facult\u00e9s cognitives sont affect\u00e9es par des probl\u00e8mes circulatoires. Ce dernier se trouve alors en convalescence \u00e0 Chaclacayo, pr\u00e8s de Lima. Il d\u00e9cide de se r\u00e9unir avec son conseil des ministres mais il se rend compte qu’il n’y a pratiquement plus rien \u00e0 faire. Il r\u00e9dige un dernier discours \u00e0 la nation dans lequel il fait part de sa d\u00e9cision de ne pas opposer de r\u00e9sistance.<\/div>\n
 <\/div>\n
Ecart\u00e9 du pouvoir, Velasco d\u00e9c\u00e8dera \u00e0 l’H\u00f4pital militaire de Lima<\/a> en 1977.<\/div>\n
 <\/div>\n
Source Wikip\u00e9dia<\/span><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Velasco Alvarado est un militaire et homme politique p\u00e9ruvien n\u00e9 \u00e0 Piura le 16 juin 1910 et mort \u00e0 Lima […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2593,"parent":2633,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2594","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nJUAN VELASCO ALVARADO - 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